CDX2 (RM)

CDX2 is a homeobox gene that encodes an intestine-specific transcription factor (1). CDX2 has been useful to establish gastrointestinal origin of metastatic adenocarcinomas and carcinoids and can be especially useful in distinguishing metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma from tumors of unknown origin (1-7). CDX2 has been shown to be more specific and more sensitive than villin or CK20 (1,4,6). CDX2 has also been shown to be expressed in mucinous ovarian cancer, bladder adenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma and malignant germ cell tumors of the testes (1,2,6-8). Only very rare examples of carcinomas of the genitourinary and gynecologic tracts or breast, lung, and head and neck cancers showed elevated levels of CDX2 expression (1). Recently, a new rabbit monoclonal CDX2 has been developed and studies have shown that CDX2 rabbit monoclonal is a more sensitive clone than other CDX2 mouse monoclonal antibodies. Data has also shown that rabbit monoclonal CDX2 had fewer false negatives (9). The specificity was similar when compared to other mouse monoclonal CDX2 antibodies. However, in certain cancers, rabbit monoclonal CDX2 displayed a slightly higher percentage (9). The overall specificity for CDX2 antibodies can be significantly improved in a panel with CK7, TTF-1 and CDH17 (3,4,6,10).

Specifications

1. Werling RW, et al. CDX2, a highly sensitive and specific marker of adenocarcinomas of intestinal origin: an immunohistochemical survey of 476 primary and metastatic carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol. 2003 Mar;27(3):303-10.
2. Moskaluk CA, et al. Cdx2 protein expression in normal and malignant human tissues: an immunohistochemical survey using tissue microarrays. Mod Pathol. 2003 Sep;16(9):913-9.
3. Kim JH, et al. Utility of thyroid transcription factor-1 and CDX-2 in determining the primary site of metastatic adenocarcinomas in serous effusions. Acta Cytol. 2010 May-Jun;54(3):277-82.
4. Saad RS, et al. CDX2, cytokeratins 7 and 20 immunoreactivity in rectal adenocarcinoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2009 May;17(3):196-201.
5. Qi W, et al. Characterization and applications of a newly developed rabbit monoclonal antibody to cytokeratin 7 (CK7) for immunohistochemistry. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2009 May;17(3):233-8.
6. Bayrak R, Haltas H, Yenidunya S. The value of CDX2 and cytokeratins 7 and 20 expression in differentiating colorectal adenocarcinomas from extraintestinal gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas: cytokeratin 7-/20+ phenotype is more specific than CDX2 antibody. Diagn Pathol. 2012 Jan 23;7:9.
7. Lee MJ, et al. CDX-2 expression in malignant germ cell tumors of the testes, intratubular germ cell neoplasia, and normal seminiferous tubules. Tumour Biol. 2012 Dec;33(6):2185-8.
8. Vang R, et al. Immunohistochemical expression of CDX2 in primary ovarian mucinous tumors and metastatic mucinous carcinomas involving the ovary: comparison with CK20 and correlation with coordinate expression of CK7. Mod Pathol. 2006 Nov;19(11):1421-8.
9. Borrisholt M, Nielsen S, Vyberg M. Demonstration of CDX2 is highly antibody dependent. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2013 Jan;21(1):64-72.
10. Panarelli NC, et al. Tissue-specific cadherin CDH17 is a useful marker of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas with higher sensitivity than CDX2. Am J Clin Pathol. 2012 Aug; 138(2):211-22.
11. Center for Disease Control Manual. Guide: Safety Management, NO. CDC-22, Atlanta, GA. April 30, 1976 “Decontamination of Laboratory Sink Drains to Remove Azide Salts.”
12. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Protection of Laboratory Workers from Occupationally Acquired Infections; Approved Guideline-Fourth Edition CLSI document M29-A4 Wayne, PA 2014.